Evolution Korea
South Korea's democratic system is vulnerable to populist tendencies. It's still better than was expected.
The country is seeking an entirely new model of development. A Confucian culture that emphasizes respect for ancestors and gendered family relationships continues to influence society. There are signs of a secularist cultural trend that is emerging.
Origins
In prehistoric times the ancestors of the modern Koreans were capable of surviving by hunting and gathering wild food. In the tens of thousands of years after, they began to grow crops including millet and beans. They also raised livestock, and also made furs. They established tribal states in Manchuria and later on the Korean peninsula. They also developed a metalworking industry, producing bronze tools and later iron ones. They traded with other nations and introduced block printing to Japan along with art styles, a written language, and papermaking.
In 2333 BCE Gojoseon was established in the southern part of the peninsula. The state embraced Buddhism and adopted Chinese culture, including Confucian philosophy. During this period the people of Buyeo joined Gojoseon. Gojoseon was a hierarchical state where the monarch and other senior officials were members of the land aristocracy, while the majority of the population was peasants. The state collected taxes from these citizens, and often required them to join the army or participate in projects for the government like building fortifications.
At the end of the period the state of Baekje was established by Onjo who was a prince of Goguryeo and the son of Jumong who was the founder of Goguryeo. This new kingdom expanded into the southwest region of the peninsula, and fought against Goguryeo's commanderies and China's in the area. Baekje accepted Confucian ideas into its state belief system in 1390 CE, and introduced the male-centric concept of filiopiety a tenet. Under 에볼루션 무료체험 , fathers were accountable to their families. They must be obeyed by everyone and respected by their children and grandchildren.
Goryeo, who ruled from 918 to 1392 CE established the Hangul alphabet built on the patterns created by the mouth when it was pronounced. This greatly improved communication between people and resulted in an explosion of the writing of Buddhist texts. Woodblock printing and movable metal type were also improved. It was during this time that the Samguk sagi or 'History of the Three Kingdoms' was first recorded in 1145 CE.
Evolution in Korea
The Korean peninsula was inhabited from Neolithic times onwards. Early evidence of human settlements is evident in the form cist graves paved with stone, and decorated with precious items such as amazonite jewelry that were buried with the dead. Megalithic structures, also known as dolmens, and made of single large stones, are common in the country.
Gojoseon was the first political state to be recognized in the first half of 1st millennium BCE. The peninsula was then under the control of a variety of states during the Three Kingdoms Period (57 BC-635 CE), including Baekje and Goguryeo. The northern region of the peninsula was occupied for a time by the Balhae Kingdom which historians do not consider to be a genuine Korean state.
Following the Three Kingdoms arose the Proto-Three Kingdoms Period, or Several States Period. In all of them, Baekje was the most powerful of them all, but its dynasty ended when Goguryeo was defeated in 676 CE and left Baekje with its southern territories of Manchuria and the western region around the Hwanghae Bay, while eastern Buyeo and the Gaya confederacy thrived for some time.
The Unified Silla kingdom then emerged and the three kingdoms began to cooperate to expand their territories. In the final phase, Silla, with significant Chinese assistance, defeated all other states and united the peninsula in 935 CE.
As Korea enters a post-crisis phase its development model appears to be changing. Those who are appalled by the enormous cost of the old system are urging a thorough program of liberalization of capital, labor, and product markets. On the other hand the supporters of the old system seek to preserve it through nationalist sentiments and by exaggerating fears about possible job loss.
Academics and analysts are divided on the extent to which Korea's evolution is influenced by these two trends. This article examines developments to date, by looking at five phases of Korea's political evolution that include the illiberal democratic period (1945-60) democratic authoritarianism (1961-72), authoritarian exceptionalism (1972-87) democratic paternalism (1987-2001), and democratic participation (2002 to present). This article also identifies important factors that appear to be influencing these developments.
Creationism in Korea
In South Korea, 26% of the population is Christian. Creationists have had success in promoting their views among this population. A survey from 2009 showed that nearly a third of respondents didn't believe in evolution. Of the respondents, 41% believed that there was no scientific evidence to support the theory 39% said it contradicted their religious beliefs; and 17% said they did not know what it meant. This level of disbelief is comparable to that in the United States, where a similar number of people do not believe that humans evolved from less advanced species of life.
In the past, the majority of the anti-evolutionist movement in Korea was focused on teaching college students and leading them to Christ. In 1980 the year 1980, a four-day creation science seminar was held in Seoul during the World Evangelization Crusade. Drs. Henry Morris and Duane Gish of ICR as the keynote speakers. This event attracted a large number of professors, church leaders, and scientists.
The success of this event led to the creation of the Korea Association of Creation Research (KACR) on January 31st 1981. The inaugural meeting was widely reported in national newspapers, including The Korea Times and Chosun Ilbo and also was well-received by the public.
KACR began publishing a newsletter called CREATION. In it, the organization presented its own work and published articles on scientific evidence supporting creationism. It also translated a number of slides and film strips from ICR and a few books on creationism that were already in print outside of Korea. KACR members delivered lectures in universities and churches across the country.
One example of an KACR success story took place at the KAIST university in Seoul. Students at the KAIST university in Seoul were so interested in creationism, they raised funds and received support to build an enlightened museum on campus.
In addition to its activities, KACR has published a bimonthly publication called CREATION. The magazine covers subjects in the creation science. It also sponsored a series lectures by ICR staff. It has also established a network of local branches that conduct seminars and provide talks to schoolchildren and community groups.
The evolution of South Korea
In the latter part of the nineteenth century and early twentieth century, Korea began to adopt a more Westernized lifestyle. The hanbok, the traditional Korean dress, was replaced to miniskirts and other fashion elements imported from overseas. In the same way, traditional Korean music styles were replaced with modern rock and roll and jazz. In this period the famous samulnori or masked dance-dramas, were loved by the public. These dramatic pieces were performed to the accompaniment of shaman drummers and other musical instruments.
Korea's new development model is being created in the aftermath of the economic crisis. The new regime's main challenge lies in the proper balance between state-led economic policies and market-oriented ones. It also requires changing incentives, monitoring or disciplining schemes which have shaped the system prior to the crisis. These issues are covered in Chapters 3 and 4.
Founded by Onjo, prince of Goguryeo and the third son of Jumong, Baekje was established in the middle of the Hangang River, those from Buyeo and other regions, as well as immigrants from northern China. Baekje was an important regional power in the early 4th Century, expanded its territory to Mahan in the north and Jeollanam-do south. This meant that it was constantly in conflict with Goguryeo, and the Chinese commanders on the border.
The fall of Silla in the late 8th and early 9th centuries saw powerful local factions to emerge. Gungye was a noble from Later Baekje, established a kingdom with Songak as its capital. He also was in control of a portion of present-day Jeolla and Chungcheong provinces. Later, he relocated the capital to Wansanju. He was an adversary to Goguryeo.
The rule of his was, however, short-lived. Wang Geon, a powerful local leader who defeated Gungye in 935 and unified Goryeo, Baekje, and Silla Later, he incorporated Baekje into Goryeo peacefully as a successor. Additionally, Wang Geon introduced fundamental reforms and strengthened a centralized rule system. This marked the conclusion of the Three Kingdoms period. The Korean peninsula was later controlled by the Goryeo Dynasty. In the Three Kingdoms period, Goguryeo, Baekje and Silla gradually grew to become powerful states in Manchuria and on the peninsula.